Crude drug sample data base
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Crude drug name | Market name | Saldhup |
|---|---|---|
| Formal name | Sarja | |
Other names Tips！ | Yellapiney (T), Chundrus, Safed dammar (B), Safed damar, Kahruba (H), Dhupadamara, Hoogadamara, Munda-dhupa, Saldhupa, Maddidhupa, Looguludhupa, Bilaguggala, Biladaamara (K), Vellakunturukkum, Peinimarum, Perumpiney, Payani, Payin (M), Telladamaru, Dhupadamaru (Te), Vellaidamar, Velleikuntricum, Pineymaram, Dhupmaram (Ta), Dummala, Haldummala (Sin) | |
| English name | White Dammar, Indian Copal-Tree, Piney Varnish Tree | |
| Original plant name | Vateria indica Linn., White Dammar, Indian Copal-Tree, Piney Varnish Tree | |
| Family name | Dipterocarpaceae | |
| Used part | Classification | Plant origin | Sub classification | resin |
| Collection information | Kingdom of Nepal, Kathmandu , Kilagal tole M.G.M. Shakya | |
| Collection date | 1991/04/13 | |
| Collector | Tsuneo Namba, et al. | |
| TMPW No. | 14804 | |
The capital city, provincial capital city or the representative
location of its administrative area is indicated.
location of its administrative area is indicated.
Production area information
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27.7172453
85.3239605
Collection information
Kingdom of Nepal,Kathmandu
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Scientific information data base
| Crude drug name | Ayurvedic name or Sanskrit name, English name | Sarja, White Dammar, Indian Copal-Tree, Piney Varnish Tree | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Synonyms | Ajakarna, Sala, Maricapatraka, Bastakarna, Kasaya, Cirapatraka, Sarjarasa, Kalakuta, Rajodbhava, Vallivrksa, Ciraparna, Rasa, Karsya, Lalana, Gandhavrksaka, Vamsa, Salaniryasa, Divyasara, Surestaka, Sura, Agnivallabha, Yaksadhupa, Susiddhaka. | |||||
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| Original plant name | Vateria indica Linn. | |||||
| Family name | Dipterocarpaceae | |||||
| Used part | Bark, Resin, Oil | |||||
| Distribution area | Found tropical regions. A large, elegant, evergreen tree, indigenous to the evergreen forests of the western ghats from North Kanara to Kerala. | |||||
| Remarks | Common. | |||||
| Common uses | Resin is bitter, alexeteric, bechic, carminative, expectorant, detergent and tonic. It is useful in the treatment of chronic bronchitis, throat troubles, piles, rheumatism, boils, tubercular glands, haemorrhoids/hemorrhoids, hemicrania, amenorrhoea/amenorrhea, dysmenorrhoea/dysmenorrhea, diarrhoea/diarrhea and ringworm. Mixed with sesamum oil, it is given in gonorrhoea/gonorrhea, and with ghee and long pepper for the treatment of syphilis and ulcers. An ointment of the resin with wax and the fat of Garcinia indica is said to be effective in carbuncles. It forms a good emollient for plasters and ointment bases. The resin smoke is good in painful piles and beneficial to the foetus (Yunani). Fatty oil obtained from the seeds is antibacterial and is useful in chronic rheumatism and neuralgia. Bark is bitter, acrid, thermogenic, alexeteric, depurative, expectorant, vulnerary and tonic. It is useful in cough, asthma, leprosy, skin eruptions, wounds, ulcers, otorrhoea/otorrhea, dysentery, urethrorrhea, and anaemia. It is employed in the production of arracks and jaggery to control fermentation. Juice of the leaves is applied to cure burns and is also used in the diseases of blood. It is orally administered to prevent vomiting. | |||||
| Therapeutic uses | Kaphagada (all disorders of Kapha), Pandu (anaemia), Srutigada (hearing difficulty), Kustha (skin diseases), Visa (poisoning), Vrana (ulcers), Vidradhi (abscess), Karnaruja (pain in the ear), Atisara (diarrhoea/diarrhea), Pravahika (dysentery), Daurbalya (general debility), Grahani roga (sprue syndrome), Jantu (worm infestation). | |||||
| Chemical constituent | - The resin (acid val., 23.2; sap. val., 55.0; and ester val., 31.8) is a complex mixture of several triterpene hydrocarbons, ketones, alcohols and acids, along with small amounts of sesquiterpenes. On distillation, the oleoresin gave an essential oil (76%) with a stray balsamic odour. - The physio-chemical characteristics of the oil were as follows: sp. gr.27°, 0.9322; [a]D227°, +3.6°; n27°, 1.5204; acid val., 9.6; sap. val., 16.7; and sap. val. after acetylation, 26.8. - The oil appeared to consist of phenolic constituents and azulenes, with the latter predominating. - In another experiment, the oleo resin on steam distillation yielded 1.06% of essential oil with the following characteristics: d, 0.9739; [a]D, +8.8°; nD25°, 1.5042; acid val., 3.1; ester val., 36.5; ester val. after acetylation, 52.8. - The seeds yield a semi-solid fat, known as PINEY TALLOW, MALABAR TALLOW, or DHUPA FAT. The seeds are hard and brittle and have a faint aromatic odour. The fat in the dried seeds generally varies from 22 to 27%. - The fat gave the following range of characteristics: m.p., 30-40°; sp. gr.25°, 0.9120 (from one sample); n40°, 1.456-1.459; acid val., 1.4-14.0; sap. val., 187-192; iod. val., 36-43; and unsapon. matter, 0.6-2.5%; fatty acid composition: myristic, 0.0-1.1;palmitic, 9.7-13.0; stearic, 38.9-45.1; arachidic, 0.4 4.6; oleic, 42.2-47.8; linoleic, 0.2-2.3; and linolenic, 0.0-0.5%; and glyceride composition (one sample); fully saturated, 1; mono-oleo-disaturated, 72.8; and monosaturated-diunsaturated, 26.2%. | |||||
| Pharmacological effect | The essential oil shows marked antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. Pronounced inhibition of growth has been recorded in vitro against Bacillus subtilis, B. pumilis, Vibrio cholera, Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus, Pseudomonas solanacearum, Salmonella typhi, Sarcina lutea, Shigella dysenteriae, Streptococcus faecalis and S. pyogenes, whereas lesser response was shown towards Staphylococcus albus and Corynebacterium diphtheriae. | |||||
| Medical system | Ayurveda (Traditional Indian medicine) | |||||
| Traditional concept | Rasa (Taste) | Kasaya (Astringent) | ||||
| Virya (Potency) | Sita (Cold) | |||||
| Guna (Quality) | Laghu (Light), Ruksa (Dry) | |||||
| Vipaka (Post digestive taste) | Katu (Pungent) | |||||
| Karma (General action) | Varnya (improves complexion), Ropana (healing), Visaghna (allays poisoning), Stambhana (styptic). | |||||
| Dosakarma (Action on dosa) | Decreases Kapha, Pitta | |||||
| Traditional usage | 1. In "grahani roga" (sprue syndrome), Sarjarasa (Vateria indica) mixed with less quantity of jaggery should be taken. 2. Oil cooked with sour gruel 2.56 litre and one fourth of Sarjarasa and then churned in water. It alleviates pain, fever and burning sensation. 3. In "vidarika" (a kind of minor skin disease), powder of Sarjarasa and rock salt mixed with honey and mustard oil should be churned and applied locally. 4. In whitlow, after fomenting with hot water the powder of Sarjarasa should be applied to the wound and bandaged. | |||||
| Related drugs | Out of the two Indian species, Vateria indica and V. macrocarpa, the former yields a resin, timber and fat from the fruit. V. copallifera Alston (= V. acuminata Hayne), a native of Sri Lanka, produces one of the best Dammars. | |||||
| Comments | It is included in Kasaya skandha by Caraka. P.V. Sharma opines that its actions and uses are probably similar to Sala (Shorea robusta). It is called Sarja because it exudes resin. Maricapatraka means its leaves are similar to that of marica. Gandhavrksa means it is fragrant tree. It is called sala because its leaves are similar to that of sala. | |||||
| References | Reference book Tips！ | [2] Indian Medicinal Plants - A Compendium of 500 species, Varier, P.S., Orient Longman Ltd. Chennai (Madras) Vol. 5 (Repr.1997), pp 349-351. Indian Medicinal Plants (Second Edition), Vols. 1-5, 1993. Kirtikar, K.R. and Basu. B.D., Periodical Experts Book Agency, Delhi Vol. 1, pp 292- 293. Dravyagunavijnana, Vols. 1-5, reprint 1998. Sharma, P.V., Chowkhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi Vol. 2, p 674. Classical uses of Medicinal Plants, 1996. Sharma, P.V., Chaukhambha Visvabharati, Varanasi pp 386-387. | ||||
| Remarks | Resin exuded by the tree is known as Piney resin, white dammar or dhupa, and is commercially important. It is of three kinds - reddish, dark, slightly white, bitter, becomes more bitter as it gets older. Resin readily dissolves in turpentine and is in good demand for the manufacture of varnishes. This is superior to copal in certain properties. Being readily soluble in turpentine, it is used in home made varnishes. It is also used for torches or candles along with coconut oil. Its solution in chloroform can be used as a substitute for amber in photographer's varnish. Resin is used to a large extent for making incense. Fat obtained from seeds has been used in making candles and soaps. It is reported to be used as a local application in rheumatism and allied afflictions. The piney resin is sold in market in three forms: (i) compact form, (ii) cellular form, and (iii) dark-coloured form. The first occurs as solid lumps and is regarded as the best quality. It is very hard and bright orange to dull yellow. It has a vitreous fracture and resembles amber in appearance. The cellular form is full of air bubbles and gives the appearance of a cellular structure. It is light green to yellow or white and has a shining appearance. The third form occurs in cavities of old and moribund trees or dead trees and is of inferior quality. Under the influence of gentle heat the resin combines with wax and oil and forms an excellent resinous ointment, it forms a good substitute for official resin. | |||||
| Last renewal date | 2024/01/12 | |||||
