Crude drug sample data base
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Crude drug name | Market name | Pinang |
|---|---|---|
| Other names | Java: wohan (Javanese), jambe (Sundanese), penang (Madurese); Sumatera: pineng (Aceh); Celebes: poko rapo (Makasar), alosi (Bugis); Mollucas: hena (Ternate), ena (Tidore) [201] | |
| English name | Areca palm, Betelnut palm | |
| Original plant name | Areca catechu Linn., Areca palm, Betelnut palm | |
| Family name | Araceae | |
| Used part | Classification | Plant origin | Sub classification | seed |
| Collection information | Republic of Indonesia, Pasar Sentral Sorong | |
| Collection date | 1997/11/14 | |
| Collector | Seiichi Yamaji, et al. | |
| Identifier | Mangestuti Agil | |
| TMPW No. | 17688 | |
Scientific information data base
| Crude drug name | Indonesian name, English name | Jambe, Areca palm, Betelnut palm | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Original plant name | Areca catechu Linn. | |||||
| Family name | Araceae | |||||
| Used part | Nuts, roots, husks, fruits, | |||||
| Distribution area | In Indonesia it is cultivated throughout the country, in Java it is grown on areas up to 1400 m above sea level [201]. | |||||
| Description | Fruits-ranging in colour from yellow through orange to red, 5 cm in diameter and oval. One seed is inside the fruit which is called nut and it has a shape from oval to round. The endosperm of the seeds is dried and chewed by people as a stimulant. A slender, single-stemmed tree up to 30 m high and has a crown of 8-12 leaves at the top. The diameter of the stem is up to 15 cm. Leaves are 1 to 1.5 m long and feather-shaped. The base of each leaf completely encircles the palm stem like a tube. Male and female flowers appear on the same plant on branched inflorescences below the crown on leaves. Flowers are tiny, fragrant and creamy-white in colour. There are some varieties of the plants: 1. Pinang putih (white pinang) which fruits the size of a duc's egg 2. Pinang telor (egg pinang): fruits are young, fresh, white and are considered the best pinang 3. Pinang hitam (black pinang): fruits are smaller, size of a hen's egg, oval or round [201]. | |||||
| Drug effect | Bitter, sharp, warming [231]. | |||||
| Specific actions | Seeds: anthelmintics and parasympathomimetics; Husks: diuretic and laxative [231]. | |||||
| Frequency in use | Moderate | |||||
| Common uses | Dried leaf sheaths are cut and can be used as packing materials. Fruits are used for dyeing and tanning materials [201]. | |||||
| Side effect | Beginners could experience a headache during chewing nuts. Due to its potentially -carcinogenic constituents, long-term used has been associated with oral submucous fibrosis, precancerous oral lesions and squamous cell carcinoma. Betel chewing could give acute effects which include hypotension, tachycardia and asthma exacerbation [201]. | |||||
| Pharmacological effect | Study on the long-term effect of areca nut chewing on other fatal diseases found that, although betel quid chewing resulted in a statistically significant increase in the risk of total and cerebrovascular deaths in the elderly population, the associations were weak and should be interpreted with caution [PMID:17204513]. Study on the association between areca nut chew and oral submucous fibrosis confirms the strong association between areca nut use and oral submucous fibrosis and between oral submucous fibrosis and the increasing use of pan masala (processed areca nut without betel leaf) [PMID:17003801]. Study on dental caries and periodontitis associated with betel quid chewing found that although betel quid chewing may reduce dental caries, it was directly related to periodontitis and enhanced the possibility of increasing tooth loss [PMID:16881434]. | |||||
| Medical system | Indonesian medicine (Jamu) | |||||
| Traditional usage | In Indonesia, betel nut is chewed in combination with Piper betle leaves and lime. By chewing it as often as possible, old women believe that it can strengthen gums, teeth and treat worm infestation. Betel nut is used by chewing either unriped or riped nuts. It has cooling property and astringent. Powdered nut is used as a vermifuge for treating tapeworms. Young and mature seed kernels are used to treat dysentery; 3.906 grams of grated mature seeds are mixed with wine and used to stop diarrhoea/diarrhea and strengthen the intestine [201]. Grated seeds are also good for itches. Roots are considered ''sharp medicine'' and thus are mixed with other ingredients for treating stomach problems. A mixture of crushed roots from black catechu with food or local alcoholic drinks will cause headache, sedation and death. These effects can be prevented by giving a drink composed of sugar and coconut milk at the right time, which will cause the patient to vomit. Dried husks from mature fruits are boiled and used to treat dysentery. Burnt fruit wall is a good tooth cleanser; teeth become stronger and whiter. Certain young catechu fruits can cause a headache when chewed [201]. | |||||
| Formulation | 1) Dysentery: 1 powdered young catechu fruit is steeped in water. Drink the infusion once a day for 9 consecutive days [231]. 2) Wounds: The above formula is also used to treat wound externally. It is also used as a dental care after diluting with warm water [231]. | |||||
| References | Reference book Tips！ | [201] K. Heyne, Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia, Vols. 1-4, 1987. Diedarkan Oleh Koperasi Karyawan Departemen Kehutanan, Jakarta, Indonesia. Vol. 1, pp 460-465. [202] C.A. Backer and R.C. Bakhuizen Van Den Brink. Flora of Java, Vol. 1 (1962), Vol. 2 (1963), Vol. 3 (1968). Wolters-Noordhoff N.V., Groningen, Netherlands. Vol. 3, p 194. [216] Kamus nama tanaman obat Indonesia (Dictionary of Indonesian medicinal plants): Latin - Indonesia (local names). p100. [231] Soedibyo, Mooryati: Alam Sumber Kesehatan: Manfaat dan Kegunaan (Natural resources for health. Benefits and uses). Balai Pustaka. 1998. pp 302-303. | ||||
| Research paper | 1. Lan TY, Chang WC, Tsai YJ, Chuang YL, Lin HS, Tai TY. Areca nut chewing and mortality in an elderly cohort study. Am J Epidemiol. 15;165(6):677-83, 2007. (PMID: 17204513) 2. Porter S. Strong association between areca nut use and oral submucous fibrosis. Evid Based Dent. 7(3):79-80, 2006. (PMID: 17003801) 3. Chatrchaiwiwatana S. Dental caries and periodontitis associated with betel quid chewing: analysis of two data sets. J Med Assoc Thai. 89(7):1004-11, 2006. (PMID: 16881434) | |||||
| Remarks | [DNA sequences] AB271407, AB271408 Eventhough there is still unclear scientific evidence, it is believed that betel nut use refer to a combination of the nut, Piper betle vine and lime can lead to stimulant and euphoric effects and this is the reason why betel nut chewing becomes popular [Medlineplus]. North Sumatera (Indonesia) was an important production area of various grades of catechu: seeds from different species of catechu: pinang bunga, pinang cang, pinang kasar, pinang belah and pinang bulat. Each varieties has different shape of seeds [201]. | |||||
| Last renewal date | 2024/03/05 | |||||
