Crude drug sample data base

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Crude drug name

Market nameNishoth
Formal nameTrivrt
Other names　　　

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Nisoth, Kaali nisoth (T), Dudh kalmi, tohri (B), Nisoth, nisotar, pitohri (H), Bili tigade, bangada balli (K), Chivaka, trikolpakonna, rochani, tribhandi (M), Tellategada (Te) Shivadai, Kumbam (Ta), Nisodha (N), Tirastawalu (Sin)
English nameIndian Jalap
Original plant nameOperculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso (= Ipomoea turpethum R. Br.), Indian Jalap
Family nameConvolvulaceae
Used partClassificationPlant origin
Sub classification root
Collection informationKingdom of Nepal, Patan（Lalitpur）, Bajracharya Aushadhi Pasal
Collection date1983/07/31
CollectorTsuneo Namba, et al.
TMPW No.6052

The capital city, provincial capital city or the representative　　
location of its administrative area is indicated.　　
Production area information
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27.6644011
85.31879140000001
Collection information
Kingdom of Nepal,Patan（Lalitpur）
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Scientific information data base

Crude drug nameAyurvedic name or
Sanskrit name, English name		Trivrt, Indian Jalap
SynonymsKumbhi, Tribhitti, Triputa, Katabhi, Sutramadhya, Sarala, Kakaksi, Trivrtta, Nagagdhini, Kutarana, Syama, Mayuravidala, Kala, Ardhacandrasmjna, Palindi, Malatika, Susenasahva, Kalamesi, Mahasyama, Marudvega, Kantaki, Nimbakantaka, Nahani, Brhacchyama, Visikha, Sankhapuspika, Tribhadra, Kumbha, Ahini, Sarvanubhuti, Kosaphala, Sveta, Tribhandi, Nisotha, Malavika, Masura, Vidala, Kulavarna, Amrta, Kakanasika, Kalindika, Trivela, Avanicandra, Rakta, Tamrapuspika, Tryasra, Kutaranayani.
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Original plant nameOperculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso (= Ipomoea turpethum R. Br.)
Family nameConvolvulaceae
Used partRoot bark
Distribution areaA large perennial twiner in Himalayas, Madesh, and Terai region upto 900m in Nepal and it is occasionally grown in gardens.
RemarksCommon.
Common usesRoots are bitter, acrid, sweet, thermogenic, carminative, anthelmintic, expectorant, antipyretic, hepatic, stimulant and hydragogue. They are useful in the treatment of colic, constipation, dropsy, paralysis, myalgia, arthralgia, pectoralgia, bronchitis, obesity, helminthiasis, gastropathy, ascites, inflammations, intermittent fever, leucoderma, pruritus, ulcers, erysipelas, haemorrhoids/hemorrhoids, tumours/tumors, jaundice, consumption and ophthalmia. Root is a purgative and is prescribed in scorpion sting and snake bite. Operculina turpethum is the source of the drug known as Turpeth or Indian Jalap. It is employed in drug formulations prescribed in constipation, dropsical effusions, rheumatism and paralysis.
Therapeutic usesJvara (fever), Pandu (anemia), Vrana (ulcers), Krmi (worm infestation), Udavarta (diseases due to suppression of natural urges), Grahani (intestinal disorders), Malastambha (constipation).
Chemical constituent
- The active principle is a glycosidic resin (m.p., 183°; acid val. 20.5-24.5; sap. val., 160.5-164) present in the drug up to 10%.

- It is similar to jalap resin and is concentrated mostly in the root bark. The resin is brownish yellow and odourless with a bitter pungent taste.

- It is soluble in alcohol and partly soluble in ether.

- It contains an ether insoluble glycoside, turpethin, which contitutes about half of the resin, and two ether soluble glycoside, namely alpha-turpethein (8%) and beta-turpethein (0.6%).

- Besides the resin, the drug contains a small amount of volatile oil and a yellow colouring matter.

Pharmacological effectAlcoholic extracts of fresh roots of O. turpethum show antibacterial activity against Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus and Escherichia coli .
Medical systemAyurveda (Traditional Indian medicine)
Traditional conceptRasa (Taste)Tikta (Bitter), Katu (Pungent)
Virya (Potency)Usna (Hot)
Guna (Quality)Laghu (Light), Ruksa (Dry), Tiksna (Sharp)
Vipaka
(Post digestive taste)		Katu (Pungent)
Karma
(General action)		Recani (purgative)
Dosakarma
(Action on dosa)		Decreases Kapha, Pitta
Mala
(Action on excretory mechanism)		Recani (purgative)
Traditional usage1. Trivrt (Operculina turpethum) with sugar is useful in fever caused by Pitta and Kapha.

2. One suffering from fever should take Trivrt with milk. Trivrt mixed with honey checks malarial fever.

3. Trivrt, Pippali (Piper longum) and Haritaki (Terminalia chebula) 2, 4 and 5 parts respectively mixed with equal quantity of jaggery should be made into pills. It relieves constipation and the disorders caused thereby.

4. Trivrt powder mixed in decoction of Triphala* should be given. Thus by elimination of impurity from the rectum the haemorrhoids/hemorrhoids are destroyed.

5. For haemorrhoids, vegetables of the leaves of Trivrt, Danti (Baliospermum montanum), Cangeri (Oxalis corniculata) and Citraka (Plumbago zeylanica) fried in oil and ghee (mixed together) and added with fatty layer of curd should be given.

6. Powder of Trivrt 10gm impregnated with snuhi latex and added with honey and ghee should be given. It acts as a good purgative.

7. One should take Trivrt with Sunthi (dry ginger) in phantom tumour/tumor.

8. Paste of Trivrt should be given with milk in "udara" (ascites) for purgation.

9. Liquid gruel or vegetable of Trivrt, Mandukaparni (Centella asiatica), Vastuka (Chenopodium murale) and Kalasaka (Murraya koenigii) cooked in their own juice should be taken.

10. Trivrt powder mixed with double sugar in dose of 20g. Should be taken in predominance of Pitta.

11. Trivrt mixed with sugar, Indravaruni (Citrullus colocynthis) or Sunthi (dry ginger) mixed with jaggery are useful in jaundice.

12. One suffering from jaundice should take Trivrt with decoction of Triphala*.

13. Sugarcane is bifurcated longitudinally and inner surface is pasted with Trivrt, then it is tied with rope and cooked by closed heating. When cooled it is taken by one suffering from the disorder of Pitta.

14. Trivrt mixed with ghee or milk or hot water or grape juice should be given for purgation.

15. Powder of Trivrt and Haritaki should be taken with ample quantity of honey in abscess.

16. Rasakriya (solid extract) of Trivrt or Madhuka (liquorice) should be prepared and given with honey and sugar in eye disease.

17. In corneal ulcer, ghee cooked with Trivrt decoction thrice should be given.

18. Trivrt and Manjista (Rubia cordifolia) pounded with latex of Snuhi (Euphorbia spp.) should be given with honey in poison.

19. One should take Trivrt mixed with equal quantity of Tanduliyaka (Amaranthus spinosus) with ghee in poison.

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Triphala*, a group of three fruits, i.e., Amalaka, Bibhitaki, and Haritaki. It is beneficial for increasing appetite, improving eyesight, and treating chronic intermittent fever.
FormulationTrivrtadi curna, Trivrtadi gudika, Trivrtadi kvatha, Trivrt lehya, Trivritadi ghrta, Abhyarista, Kaisoraguggulu and Candraprabha vati.
Related drugsCommercial samples are frequently adulterated with pieces of stem which are sometimes winged and grayish white in colour. Stem pieces of Marsdenia tenacissima W. & A. (Family - Asclepiadaceae) are generally sold by the name of safed nisoth. This is entirely different drug.
CommentsAccording to Caraka, it is of two types as Aruna (red variety) and Syama (black variety). Aruna is said to be better than syama. There is a mention in Wealth of India that some are of the opinion that Marsdenia tenacissima (Asclepiadeceae) is the white variety of trikolpakonna. In Dravyagunavijnana, P.V. Sharma states that the white variety is the stem and root of M. tenacissima without the bark, but this has no purgative property. He also opines that the black and reddish colours are based on stages of maturation. Syama trivrt according to him is a different plant.

Its synonyms trivrt, triputa, tribhandi etc., indicate its nature of the leaves which is triangular. Sankhapuspika means the flower resembles that of conch.
ReferencesReference book　

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[2] Indian Medicinal Plants - A Compendium of 500 species, Varier, P.S., Orient Longman Ltd. Chennai (Madras)
Vol. 4 (Repr.1997), pp 172-179.

Illustrated Manual of Herbal Drugs Used in Ayurveda, 1996. Sarin, Y.K., Council of Scientific & Industrial Research and Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi
pp 108-109.

Dravyagunavijnana, Vols. 1-5, reprint 1998. Sharma, P.V., Chowkhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi
Vol. 2, p 419.

Classical uses of Medicinal Plants, 1996. Sharma, P.V., Chaukhambha Visvabharati, Varanasi
p 179.

Medicinal plants of Nepal
pp 74-75.

RemarksYoung leaves and tender stems are reported to be used as vegetable in Philippines. Recent investigations have shown that white turpeth is sometimes derived not from O. turpethum but from Marsdenia tenacissima.

The drug occurs in two forms, white and black. It consists of cylindrical pieces of root and stem, 1.5-15 cm. long x 1-5 cm. diam., often with central woody portion removed by splitting the bark on one side; external surface longitudinally furrowed giving the drug a rope-like appearance; fracture short in bark and fibrous in wood; odour distinct but unpleasant or musty; taste somewhat nauseating or bland at first, then slightly acrid. It is almost as effective as true jalap (Exogonium purga) and superior to rhubarb (Rheum emodi Wall. ex Meissn.), and useful in all affections where jalap or rhubarb is indicated. The drug is administered in the form of powder; it may also be given in combination with cream of tartar in equal proportion. White turpeth is preferred to black turpeth as cathartic; the latter produces drastic purgation and causes vomiting, fainting and giddiness.
Last renewal date2024/01/11
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