Crude drug sample data base
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Crude drug name | Market name | Jahe |
|---|---|---|
| Other names | Java: jae (Javanese), jahe (Sundanese), jhai (Madurese); Celebes: goraka (Menado) [201] | |
| English name | Ginger | |
| Original plant name | Zingiber officinale Rosc., Ginger | |
| Family name | Zingiberaceae | |
| Used part | Classification | Plant origin | Sub classification | rhizome |
| Collection information | Republic of Indonesia, Akar sari | |
| Collection date | 1994/02/27 | |
| Collector | Katsuko Komatsu, et al. | |
| Identifier | Mangestuti Agil | |
| TMPW No. | 14228 | |
Scientific information data base
| Crude drug name | Indonesian name, English name | Jahe, Ginger | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| crude drug image |
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| Original plant name | Zingiber officinale Rosc. | |||||
| Family name | Zingiberaceae | |||||
| Used part | Rhizome | |||||
| Distribution area | It is cultivated in Java and Madura (East Java) Islands of Indonesia. | |||||
| Description | The rhizome is up to 2 cm thick, fleshy, has one or more aerial leafy stems; robust, growing horizontally underground but at shallow depth, covered with deciduous, thin scales which leave ring-like scars; epidermis corky and wrinkled in the dried rhizome; flesh pale yellow, aromatic. The plant is erect, slender, perennial herb, stem unbranched, formed by the leaf sheaths. Leaves distichous, sheath veined. Inflorescence arises directly from rhizome, flowers with tubular corolla, yellow [204]. There are three types of ginger in Indonesia: 1. Jahe gajah or jahe putih besar, 2. Jahe merah or jahe sunti and 3. Jahe putih kecil or jahe emprit. Their rhizomes differ in shape, colour, aroma and chemical constituents [201, 204]. | |||||
| Drug effect | Pungent [231]. | |||||
| Specific actions | Carminative, stomachic, stimulant, diaphoretic [231]. | |||||
| Frequency in use | Abundant | |||||
| Common uses | Fresh or dried rhizomes are popularly used in cooking as a flavouring or vegetable. Some traditional drinks and ginger ale are made from fresh ginger. Sekoteng, bandrek and wedang jahe are some famous drinks which are believed to be able to warm the body in the night. A very popular formula, made from a mixture of milk, egg, honey and fresh grated ginger, namely STM plus jahe (S ＝susu means milk, T＝telur means egg, M＝madu means honey), is sold elsewhere at some special stalls which is believed could restore the general health condition and applied as a tonic. Ground dried ginger is used in the flavouring of processed food [204]. | |||||
| Pharmacological effect | Ethanolic rhizome extracts have shown inhibition of skin tumour promotion in mice [204]. The ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale exhibits significant lipid lowering activity in diabetic rats [PMID:15707757]. The ethanol extract of Zingiber officinale rhizomes possesses analgesic, antiinflammatory and hypoglycaemic properties; and thus gives pharmacological support to folkloric, ethnomedical uses of ginger in the treatment and/or management of painful, arthritic inflammatory conditions, as well as in the management and/or control of type 2 diabetes mellitus in some rural Africa communities [PMID:16807883]. Results from a study on the effect of the ethanol extract of the rhizome of Zingiber officinale against carbon tetrachloride (CCl[4]) and acetaminophen-induced liver toxicities in rats indicate that the oil from the rhizome could be useful in preventing chemically induced acute liver injury [PMID:16941609]. A new discovery identified ginger as an herbal medicinal product that shares pharmacological properties with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Ginger suppresses prostaglandin synthesis through inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2. Ginger also suppresses leukotriene biosynthesis by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase. This pharmacological property distinguishes ginger from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. This discovery preceded the observation that dual inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase may have a better therapeutic profile and have fewer side effects than non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The characterization of the pharmacological properties of ginger entered a new phase with the discovery that a ginger extract derived from Zingiber officinale and Alpinia galanga (family Zingiberaceae) inhibits the induction of several genes involved in the inflammatory response. These include genes encoding cytokines, chemokines, and the inducible enzyme cyclooxygenase-2. This discovery provided the first evidence that ginger modulates biochemical pathways activated in chronic inflammation. Identification of the molecular targets of individual ginger constituents provides an opportunity to optimize and standardize ginger products with respect to their effects on specific biomarkers of inflammation. Such preparations will be useful for studies in experimental animals and humans [PMID:16117603]. This study aimed to elucidate the effect of a combination ginger extract with Alpinia galanga and Zingiber officinale and its individual components on chemokine expression in human synoviocytes. Results demonstrates that ginger extract inhibits chemokine expression, and that the combination of Zingiber officinale and Alpinia galanga components acts synergistically. This ginger formulation may be useful for suppressing inflammation due to arthritis [PMID:15750374]. This study was to determine whether a ginger and Alpinia galanga extract can dampen the activation of THP-1 cells by lipopolysaccharide, proinflammatory cytokines, and fibrillar amyloid peptide Abeta(1-42), a major component of neuritic plaques. Results suggest that ginger extract may be useful in delaying the onset and the progression of neurodegenerative disorders involving chronically activated microglial cells in the central nervous system [PMID:15673995]. A study was conducted to study the efficacy and safety of a standardized and highly concentrated extract of 2 ginger species, Zingiber officinale and Alpinia galanga in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Results indicated that a highly purified and standardized ginger extract had a statistically significant effect on reducing symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee with a moderate effect. There was a good safety profile, with mostly mild gastro intestinal adverse events in the ginger extract group [PMID:11710709]. | |||||
| Medical system | Indonesian medicine (Jamu) | |||||
| Traditional usage | It is used as an appetite stimulant and tonic, and to prevent motion sickness. It is applied for cough and sore throat. Externally it is used in various lotions, decoctions or poultices against rheumatism, swellings, bruises, headache and rubbed on the body after childbirth [204]. | |||||
| Formulation | 1) Influenza: 1 piece of red ginger rhizome, 1 handful of fresh aerial parts of Mentha arvensis, 6 pieces of Piper cubeba fruits, 2 pieces of Nigella sativa seeds are mixed and pounded by adding a small amount of water to make a fine paste. Wrap the paste with a cloth, tie and emerge it in warm acetic acid and use it to rub the whole body in order to facilitate sweating [231] 2) Stomach cramp: 3 rhizomes are grated, squeezed, drink one tea spoon of the juice three times a day [231]. 3) Sherbet: 1 piece of ginger, 2 pieces of cloves, 4 pieces of seeds of Piper cubeba, 3 pieces of seeds of Piper retrofractum, 1 rhizome (size of an adult finger) of Imperata cylindrica, 1/5 of nutmeg, 1/2 leaf of Citrus hystrix, a little bark of cinnamon, sugar from Arenga pinnata, 200 ml of water. Boil the mixture to make a decoction. Drink 100 ml of the decoction twice a day, in the morning and in the evening for 4 days [231]. | |||||
| References | Reference book Tips！ | [201] K. Heyne, Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia, Vols. 1-4, 1987. Diedarkan Oleh Koperasi Karyawan Departemen Kehutanan, Jakarta, Indonesia. Vol. 1, pp 573-574. [204] de Guzman, C.C. and Siemonsma, J.S. (Editors), 1999. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 13 Species. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, Netherlands. pp 238-244. [222] P.T. Eisai Indonesia: Medical Herb Index in Indonesia (Second edition).1995. pp 275-276. [231] Soedibyo, Mooryati: Alam Sumber Kesehatan: Manfaat dan Kegunaan (Natural resources for health. Benefits and uses). Balai Pustaka. 1998. pp 156-157. | ||||
| Research paper | 1. Yemitan OK, Izegbu MC. Protective effects of Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae) against carbon tetrachloride and acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Phytother Res. 20(11):997-1002, 2006. (PMID: 16941609) 2. Ojewole JA. Analgesic, antiinflammatory and hypoglycaemic effects of ethanol extract of Zingiber officinale (Roscoe) rhizomes (Zingiberaceae) in mice and rats. Phytother Res. 20(9):764-72, 2006. (PMID: 16807883) 3. Grzanna R, Lindmark L, Frondoza CG. Ginger - an herbal medicinal product with broad anti-inflammatory actions. J Med Food. 8(2):125-32, 2005. (PMID: 16117603) 4. Phan PV, Sohrabi A, Polotsky A, Hungerford DS, Lindmark L, Frondoza CG. Ginger extract components suppress induction of chemokine expression in human synoviocytes. J Altern Complement Med. 11(1):149-54, 2005. (PMID: 15750374) 5. Bhandari U, Kanojia R, Pillai KK. Effect of ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale on dyslipidaemia in diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 28;97(2):227-30, 2005. (PMID: 15707757) 6. Grzanna R, Phan P, Polotsky A, Lindmark L, Frondoza CG. Ginger extract inhibits beta-amyloid peptide-induced cytokine and chemokine expression in cultured THP-1 monocytes. J Altern Complement Med. 10(6):1009-13, 2004. (PMID: 15673995) 7. Altman RD, Marcussen KC. Effects of a ginger extract on knee pain in patients with osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 44(11):2531-8, 2001. (PMID: 11710709) | |||||
| Remarks | [DNA sequences] HM567397, HM567400, HM567401, HM567396, HM567398, HM567395, HM567394, HM567399, AM777878 | |||||
| Last renewal date | 2024/03/15 | |||||
